如何正确使用连接词 linking words and phrases

Hi, I'm Stephanie. Welcome to Oxford Online English!

嗨，我是斯蒂芬妮。欢迎来到牛津大学在线英语课程！

In this lesson, you can learn how to use linking words and phrases for the IELTS writing exam.

在这节课中，大家将要学习如何在雅思写作考试中使用连接词和短语。

Linking words are important for your IELTS writing, especially for the essay.

连接词对你的雅思写作非常重要，尤其是议论文写作。

Using linking words well can make a big difference to your coherence and cohesion score, which is 25% of your writing score.

使用好连接词能够对你的连贯性和凝聚力分数有很大的影响，这占了你写作分数的 25%。

Even if you're not preparing for an IELTS exam and just want to improve your English writing generally, this lesson could help you!

即使你不是在准备雅思考试，只是想提高英语写作水平，这节课也对你很有帮助！

Before we start, don't forget to check out our website: Oxford Online English dot com.

在我们开始之前，不要忘记查看我们的网站：Oxford Online English dot com。

You can find many other free IELTS preparation lessons, or you can even take online lessons with one of our professional teachers to prepare for your IELTS exam!

你可以找到许多其他免费的雅思备考课程，甚至还可以与我们的专业老师一起参加在线课程，为你的雅思考试做准备！

Let's start with a question.

让我们从一个问题开始吧。

You're thinking about 'linking words'.

你肯定在想“连接词”。

Many students ask about 'linking words' ; they ask things like, "What linking words should I use in my IELTS essay?" But what are 'linking words', and why are they important?

很多学生会问"连接词"，他们会问：“我应该在雅思作文中使用什么连接词？”但是什么是“连接词”，为什么它们很重要呢？

What are linking words?

什么是连接词？

How would you answer this question?

你会如何回答这个问题呢？

First, 'linking words' includes both words and phrases.

首先，“连接词”包括单词和短语。

There are single words, like 'however', and phrases, like 'as a result.' Secondly, linking words can be conjunctions, like 'and' or 'because', which you use in the middle of a sentence.

可以是单个的单词，比如“however”， 也可以是短语，比如“as a result”。其次，连接词可以是连词，比如“and”或“because”，你可以在句子中间使用。

Linking words can also be adverbs, like 'consequently' or 'on the other hand', which you generally use at the start of a new sentence.

连接词也可以是副词，比如“consequently”或“on the other hand”，通常用在新句子的开头。

Next, what do linking words do?

接下来，连接词有什么作用呢？

Why do you need to use them?

为什么需要使用它们呢？

This is an important question, but it has a simple answer: linking words make your writing clearer for your reader.

这是一个非常重要的问题，但它的答案很简单：连接词会让你的读者觉得你的写作更加清晰。

Don't use linking words because you want to sound academic, or because you want to impress the examiner, or because you think using linking words is going to get you a better score on your IELTS.

如果你是因为想听起来很学术，或者是因为你想给考官留下深刻印象，或者是因为你觉得使用连接词会让你在雅思考试中获得更好的分数的话，那就不要使用连接词。

It is necessary to use linking words to get higher scores, but you need to use them in the right way.

使用连接词来获得更高的分数是必要的，但是你需要以正确的方式使用它们。

You use linking words to make the structure of your ideas clearer.

使用连接词是为了让思维的结构更清晰。

What does this mean?

这是什么意思呢？

Let's look at an example together.

让我们一起来看一个例子。

Read this sentence: Next, imagine that the next sentence starts with 'also,' 'on the other hand,' or 'consequently'.

读一下这个句子： 然后呢，想象下一个以“also”、“on the other hand”或“consequently”开头的句子。

What do these tell you?

这告诉了你什么信息呢？

What do you know if you see that the first word of the next sentence is 'also'?

如果你看到下一个句子的第一个单词是“also”的话，你会知道什么呢？

What's the difference between using 'also' or 'on the other hand'?

用“also”或“on the other hand”有什么区别呢？

These linking words show you the direction of the next sentence.

这些连接词可以告诉你下一句话的方向。

If the next sentence starts with 'also', you know that it will add another, similar point.

如果下一个句子以“also”开头，你知道它会添加另一个类似的观点。

If it starts with 'on the other hand', you know that the writer will make a contrasting point.

如果它以“on the other hand”开头，你知道作者会提出一个对比。

If it starts with 'consequently', you know that the writer will describe a result of this situation.

如果它以“consequently”开头，你知道作者会描述这种情况的结果。

This is why you use linking words, and this is why they can be powerful.

这就是为什么你要使用连接词，以及为什么它们可以很强大的原因。

In this example, you can know the general idea of the next sentence before you read it.

在这个例子中，你可以提前知道下一句话的大意。

This makes your writing easier to follow.

这会让你的写作更容易理解。

Next, let's look at the details of using linking words well in your IELTS writing tasks.

接下来，让我们看看在你的雅思写作任务中如何使用好连接词的更多细节吧。

Learning about linking words for your IELTS writing exam can be overwhelming.

学习雅思考试连接词可能会让你不知所措。

There are so many words and phrases: 'in addition', 'although', 'except for', 'due to' … There are tens of things you could study.

实在是有太多单词和短语了：“in addition”、“although”、“except for”、“due to”…有需要事情你需要去研究。

However, we've got good news for you!

然而，我们有好消息要告诉大家！

You don't need to learn big lists of words.

你不需要学习一大堆单词。

So, what should you do?

那么，你应该怎么做呢？

The best way is to think about linking words in terms of function.

最好的方法是考虑连接词的功能。

What do we mean by 'function'?

我们所说的“功能”是什么意思呢？

Many different linking words do the same job.

许多不同的连接词功能是相同的。

For example: however, on the other hand, nevertheless, and although all show a contrast between two related — but different — things.

例如，“however”、“on the other hand”、“nevertheless”、“although”表示的都是两个相关但不同的事物之间的对比。

This doesn't mean they're exactly the same, but they are similar.

这并不意味着它们完全一样，但它们是很相似的。

So, what else can linking words do?

那么，连接词还能做什么呢？

Linking words can connect similar ideas together.

连接词可以将相似的想法联系在一起。

Let's call this 'addition'.

让我们称之为“加和”。

A very simple example is 'and'.

一个非常简单的例子是“and”。

You can also use 'furthermore', 'in addition', 'also', or 'moreover'.

你也可以使用“furthermore”、“in addition”、“also”或者是“moreover”。

Linking words can show the reason or purpose of something, like 'because', 'due to', 'in order to', or 'so that'.

连接词可以表示某事的原因或目的，例如“because”、“due to”、“in order to”或“so that”。

You can use linking words to connect a cause and effect, like 'therefore', 'so', 'consequently' or 'as a result'.

你可以用连接词来连接因果，比如“therefore”、“so”、“consequently”或“as a result”。

There are others, but this is a good starting point.

还有其他的，但这是一个很好的出发点。

Remember these four functions: contrast, addition, reason or purpose, and cause-effect.

记住这四个功能：对比、加和、理由或目的，以及因果。

Let's practise!

让我们练习一下吧！

Look at four sentences.

看四个句子。

Each has a linking word or phrase highlighted in red.

每个句子都有一个用红色突出显示的连接词或短语。

Can you say what function the linking word or phrase has in each sentence?

你能说出连接词或短语在每个句子中有什么作用吗？

Pause the video if you want more time to think.

如果你想有更多时间思考的话，请暂停视频。

Ready?

准备好了吗？

Let's look at the answers.

一起来看看答案吧。

In the first sentence, 'due to' expresses a reason.

在第一句中，“due to”表达的是原因。

In the second sentence, 'moreover' expresses addition.

在第二句中，“moreover”表示加和。

You're making one point, then using 'moreover' to add a second point on the same topic.

你提出了一个观点，然后用“moreover” 给同一个主题添加了第二个观点。

In the third sentence, 'although' shows a contrast.

在第三句中，“although”表示对比。

In the fourth sentence, 'as a result' connects a cause and its effect.

在第四句中，“as a result”连接了原因和结果。

So, what should you do here?

那么，这对你有什么启发呢？

Here's the most important point: you don't need to know every linking word and phrase to get a high score in your IELTS writing exam.

这是最重要的一点：你不需要知道每个连接词和短语才能在雅思写作考试中获得高分。

You need maybe two or three linking words for each function.

每个功能需要两三个连接词就行了。

That means you need two to three linking words to express addition, two to three linking words to express contrast, and so on.

这意味着你需要两到三个连接词来表达加和，两到三个连接词来表达对比，依此类推。

There's one thing you should know: linking words can have other functions which we haven't covered here.

有一件事你应该知道：连接词可能还有其他的功能，我们在这里没有涉及到。

That's because we don't want this lesson to be hours long.

那是因为我们不想让这节课持续几个小时。

Examples include: showing similarity, showing a sequence of events in time, or expressing conditions.

比如说：表示相似性，表示事件时间序列，或表达条件。

However, the basic idea is the same.

但是基本的想法是一样的。

Don't try to learn big lists of linking words.

不要去学习连接词的列表。

Instead, focus on functions.

相反地，要侧重于功能。

For each function, learn two to three linking words and phrases.

对于每个功能来说，学习两到三个连接词和短语。

This is simpler and easier for you.

这对你来说更简单更容易。

You should do this now: write down a list of functions, and write down two to three linking words for each.

你现在应该这样做：写下一个功能列表，并为每个功能写下两到三个连接词。

You can use the functions and linking words from this section, or you can add your own.

你可以使用本节中的功能和链接词，也可以添加自己的功能和链接词。

Pause the video and do it now!

暂停视频，现在就这么做吧！

Ready?

准备好了吗？

Let's see what else you need to know to use linking words well in your IELTS writing exam.

让我们看看你还需要知道什么知识才能在雅思写作考试中很好地使用连接词。

To use a linking word or phrase well in your writing, you need to know two things.

要在写作中很好地使用连接词或短语，你需要知道两件事。

One: you need to know the function, which you learned about in the last section.

第一：你需要知道功能，这是你在上一部分了解到的。

Two: you need to know the grammar of the linking word or phrase.

第二：你需要知道连接词或短语的语法。

Let's look at this now!

我们现在来看看这个吧！

Linking words and phrases can be divided into three categories.

连接词和短语可以分为三类。

First, some linking words are conjunctions.

首先，部分连接词是连词。

Most are subordinating conjunctions, meaning that they need to be used in a sentence with at least two clauses.

大多数是从属连词，这意味着它们需要在一个至少有两个从句的句子中使用。

For example, 'because' and 'although' are both subordinating conjunctions.

例如，“because”和“although”都是从属连词。

After these words, you add a clause.

在这些单词之后，你可以添加一个从句。

Then, you need another, independent clause to complete the sentence.

然后，你需要另一个独立的从句来完成这个句子。

For example: 'I need to ask for some time off work because I am planning to attend a training course.' 'Although social media can help people to connect with each other, it also has several significant disadvantages'.

例如：“我需要请假，因为我计划参加一个培训课程。”“尽管社交媒体可以帮助人们相互联系，但它也有几个显著的缺点。”

Secondly, some linking words are prepositions.

其次，有些连接词是介词。

This means you need to use a noun after the linking word.

这意味着你需要在连接词后面使用名词。

'Due to', 'despite' and 'because of' are all prepositions.

“Due to”、“despite”和“because of”都是介词。

For example: 'Despite the well-known health benefits of regular exercise, many people still lead a mostly sedentary lifestyle.' Or: 'Young professionals are increasingly moving to smaller cities because of the high cost of living in large urban centres.' Finally, many linking words are adverbs, like 'on the other hand' or 'therefore'.

例如：“尽管定期锻炼对健康的好处众所周知，但许多人仍然过着久坐不动的生活方式。”或者：“由于大城市中心的高生活成本，年轻专业人士越来越多地搬到较小的城市。”最后，许多连接词是副词，如“ on the other hand”或“therefore”。

These are generally used at the beginning of a sentence.

这些 表达通常用在句子的开头。

When you use adverbs like this, you need to put a comma afterwards.

当你使用这样的副词时，你需要在后面加一个逗号。

For example: 'Freedom of the press is more important than individuals' rights to privacy.

例如：“新闻自由比个人隐私权更重要。

Therefore, newspapers should be able to publish stories about the private lives of celebrities if they choose to.' Or: 'Of course, elderly people should be paid a pension which reflects the money they paid into the social security system during their working lives.

因此，报纸有自由发表关于名人私生活的故事。”或者：“当然了，老年人应该得到养老金，这反映了他们在工作期间向社会保障系统支付了多少资金。

On the other hand, the pension system needs to be sustainable over the long term.' This is most of what you need to know about linking word grammar.

另一方面，养老金制度需要是长期可持续的。”这是你需要了解的关于连接词语法的大部分内容。

Is your linking word or phrase a conjunction, a preposition, or an adverb?

你的连接词或短语是连词、介词还是副词呢？

We have a task for you!

我们有任务给你哦！

At the end of part two, you wrote down linking words that you wanted to learn.

在第二部分的结尾，你写下了你想学习的连接词。

Now, use an online dictionary like Cambridge or Longman, and find out if the words you wrote down are conjunctions, prepositions, or adverbs.

现在，使用剑桥或朗文这样等在线词典，找出你写下的单词是连词、介词还是副词。

Go on, pause the video and do it now!

开始吧，暂停视频，现在就做！

Done?

完成了吗？

There are still a couple of things you need to think about.

还有几件事你需要考虑。

One problem is that similar-looking words can be different parts of speech.

其中一个问题是，看起来相似的单词可能是不同的词类。

For example, 'because' is a conjunction, but 'because of' is a preposition.

例如，“because”是连词，但“because of”是介词。

'In spite of' is a preposition, but 'in spite of the fact that' is a conjunction.

“In spite of”是介词，但“in spite of the fact that”是连词。

So, don't assume that linking words are used in the same way just because they look similar.

所以，不要仅仅因为它们看起来相似，就假设它们的使用方式相同。

Another problem is that some linking words can be more than one part of speech.

另一个问题是：某些连接词可以是多个词性。

For example, 'so' can be an adverb or a conjunction.

例如，“so”可以是副词或连词。

What should you do with this information?

那这种情况该怎么办呢？

Let's look in more detail!

让我们更详细地看看吧！

At this point, you hopefully have short lists of linking words, divided by function.

到目前为止，希望你已经有了一个简短的、按功能划分的连接词列表。

You should also know which part of speech each linking word is.

你还应该知道每个连接词是什么词性。

Let's think: why are you doing things in this way?

让我们思考一下：你为什么要这样做呢？

How will this help you in your IELTS writing exam?

这对你的雅思写作考试有什么帮助呢？

Here's what you need to remember: it's much more effective to know a smaller number of linking words or phrases and know how to use them really well.

你需要记住的是：知道少量的连接词或短语，并知道如何很好地使用它们是非常有效的。

Many IELTS students take the opposite path.

许多雅思学生走的是相反的道路。

They learn lots and lots of linking words, but they don't know how to use them correctly.

他们学习了很多很多连接词，但是他们不知道如何正确使用它们。

This won't help your IELTS writing score.

这对你的雅思写作分数并没有帮助。

It's much more important to focus on accuracy.

更重要的是关注准确性。

So, what should you do next?

那么，接下来你该怎么做呢？

Your next task is to find out exactly how your linking words are used.

你的下一个任务是确认你的连接词是如何使用的。

Linking words with the same function aren't always the same.

具有相同功能的连接词并不总是相同的。

Many linking words have a very specific meaning.

许多连接词都有非常具体的含义。

For example, 'furthermore' and 'besides' are both used to add information to a topic, but they aren't the same.

例如，“furthermore”和“besides”都用于为主题添加信息，但它们并不相同。

Do you know why not?

你知道为什么不同吗？

'Furthermore' is used to add a point which is more important than your first idea.

“Furthermore”用来添加比你的第一个观点更重要的一点。

For example: 'Using plastic products generates litter which harms the environment.

例如：“使用塑料产品会产生垃圾，损害环境。

Furthermore, plastic can take hundreds of years to degrade.' In this case, you're saying that the second point, after 'furthermore' is more important than the first point.

此外，塑料可能需要数百年才能降解。”在这种情况下，你的意思是“furthermore”之后的第二点比第一点更重要。

'Besides' is used to add a point which is often less important than your main idea.

“Besides”增加的论点往往没有你的主要论点重要。

For example: 'Smoking has been proven to cause many serious illnesses.

例如：“吸烟已被证明会导致许多严重疾病。

Besides, it is an expensive habit.' In this case, you're saying that the second point, after 'besides', is not more important than the first point.

此外，这是一个非常昂贵的习惯。”在这种情况下，你是在说“besides”之后的第二点没有第一点重要。

You're adding an extra point which is not essential to your argument.

你在增加一个对你的论点来说并不重要的额外观点。

We're not doing this because you need to learn about 'furthermore' and 'besides'.

我们这样做不是因为你需要了解“furthermore”和“moreover”。

The point is that every linking word is used in a slightly different way.

关键是告诉大家每个连接词的使用方式都略有不同。

To improve your IELTS writing score, you need to understand exactly how to use linking words.

为了提高你的雅思写作成绩，你需要准确地理解如何使用不同的连接词。

How can you do this?

那该怎么做呢？

Here are a few suggestions.

这里有一些建议。

First, use online dictionaries to find example sentences.

首先，使用在线词典查找例句。

The Cambridge dictionary has many examples for each word.

剑桥词典针对每个单词都有很多例句。

Next, try to understand what makes this linking word different from other, similar linking words.

接下来，试着理解是什么让这个连接词不同于其他类似的连接词。

Is it more formal, or more conversational?

是更正式，还是更口语呢？

Is it only used in very specific situations?

还是只在非常特定的情况下使用呢？

Finally, check your ideas.

最后，确认你的想法。

If you can ask a teacher, then do that.

如果你能问老师的话，那就去问一下。

If not, use online resources such as Quora or the Wordreference forums.

如果不能的话，请使用 Quora 或 Wordreference 论坛等在线资源。

By the way, you can find links to all the resources mentioned in this lesson below the video.

顺便说一下，你可以在视频下面找到本课提到的所有资源的链接。

This is a big topic, and there's a lot of information in this video; however, you haven't even seen the most important thing about linking words yet… Here's the most important idea about linking words: you can't connect ideas with linking words.

这是一个很大的话题，这个视频里包含了很多信息；然而，其实大家还没有看到关于连接词最重要的事情……这里有一个关于连接词的最重要的想法：你不能用连接词来连接想法。

What?

什么？

That doesn't make sense, you say.

这根本不合理啊。

What do linking words do if they don't connect ideas?

连接词不连接想法的话，那是干嘛的？

Linking words don't connect ideas; they highlight a connection which is already there.

连接词并不能连接想法；它们是突出强调已经存在的联系。

They make the connection — which already exists — clearer to your reader.

它们让已经存在的联系对你的读者来说更加清晰。

This is important because it's one of the biggest problems IELTS students have with linking words.

这很重要，因为这是雅思学生在连接词方面遇到的最大问题之一。

IELTS candidates know they need to use linking words, so they do.

雅思考生知道他们需要使用连接词，所以他们确实这样做了。

But, very often, their linking words don't fit the logic of their ideas.

但是，通常他们的连接词并不符合他们观点的逻辑。

This is a common feature of band six writing.

这是六分作文的共同特征。

Here's an example, which is from a real practice essay written by one of our students: We see this problem all the time.

这是一个例子，来自我们的一个学生写的一篇真实的练习文章：我们一直都能看到这个问题。

There's a linking phrase — 'for instance' — which should be used to introduce an example of the preceding point.

有一个连接短语——“for instance”——这个短语应该用来介绍前面观点的一个例子。

But, in this case, the points before and after the linking word are not obviously connected at all.

但是在这个例子中，连接词前后的观点根本没有明显的联系。

The point after 'for instance' is certainly not an example of a trade war between manufacturing companies or countries.

“For instance”后面的内容并不是制造公司或国家之间贸易战的例子。

Remember: this is very common, and it's also a common reason why students can't get scores above six or six point five.

记住：这种情况很普遍，也是学生不能获得六分或六分五以上分数的常见原因。

If you do this in your writing, your coherence and cohesion score will be limited to six maximum.

如果你这样写的话，你的连贯性和一致性得分最多能拿六分。

We'll say it again: you can't create a connection by using linking words or phrases.

我们要再重申一遍：你不能通过连接词或短语来建立联系。

The connection is already there, in the logic of your ideas.

这种联系在你思维的逻辑中已经存在了。

You use the linking word to highlight the connection which already exists.

你使用连接词是来突出已经存在的联系。

So, to use linking words well, you need to have a clear understanding of your essay structure and how your ideas are organised.

所以，要很好地使用连接词，你需要清楚地了解你的文章结构以及你的想法是如何组织的。

This mostly depends on planning before you start writing your answer.

这主要取决于你开始写答案之前的计划。

If your ideas aren't well-organised in your mind, then using linking words won't help you.

如果你的想法在你的脑海中没有很好的组织的话，那么使用连接词对你没有帮助。

Like you heard, this is a big topic, so let's review what you should do.

就像你听到的，这是一个很大的话题，所以让我们回顾一下你应该怎么做吧。

One: divide linking words according to the idea they express.

一：根据连接词表达的意思进行划分。

Start by learning two to three linking words or phrases for each function.

从学习每个功能的两到三个连接词或短语开始。

Two: understand the grammar of each linking word; find out what part of speech it is, and how to use it in a sentence.

第二：理解每个连接词的语法；找出它是什么词性，以及如何在句子中使用它。

Three: go into more detail.

三：深入细节。

Many words have a similar meaning, but very few words have exactly the same meaning.

很多词的意思很相似，但很少有两个词的意思是完全相同的。

Most words have unique features which you need to know about if you want to use the word well.

大多数单词都有独特的特征，如果你想很好地使用这个词的话，你需要了解这些特征。

Four: practise planning and make sure your ideas are well-organised before you start writing.

第四：在你开始写作之前要进行计划，确保你的想法是有条理的。

Effective linking depends on logic and structure, not on the words and phrases you use.

有效的连接取决于逻辑和结构，而不是你使用的单词和短语。

Good luck if you have an IELTS exam coming up soon, and thanks for watching!

如果你马上要参加雅思考试，祝你好运，感谢收看！

See you next time!

下次再见！